style: use pipe notation, change minimum version to 3.10

.github/workflows/integration_tests.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
       SPOTIPY_CLIENT_SECRET: ${{ secrets.SPOTIPY_CLIENT_SECRET }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}

.github/workflows/unit_tests.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}

setup.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ setup(
     project_urls={
         'Source': 'https://github.com/plamere/spotipy',
     },
-    python_requires='>3.8',
+    python_requires='>=3.10',
     install_requires=[
         "redis>=3.5.3",  # TODO: Move to extras_require in v3
         "requests>=2.25.0",

spotipy/cache_handler.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 from json import JSONEncoder
-from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing import Dict
 
 from redis import RedisError
 
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ class CacheFileHandler(CacheHandler):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        cache_path: str | None = None,
-        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
-        encoder_cls: Optional[JSONEncoder] = None,
+        encoder_cls: JSONEncoder | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Parameters:
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class MemoryCacheHandler(CacheHandler):
     instance is freed.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, token_info: Optional[Dict] = None):
+    def __init__(self, token_info: Dict | None = None):
         """
         Parameters:
             * token_info: The token info to store in memory. Can be None.
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class RedisCacheHandler(CacheHandler):
     A cache handler that stores the token info in the Redis.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, redis, key: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, redis, key: str | None = None):
         """
         Parameters:
             * redis: Redis object provided by redis-py library
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class MemcacheCacheHandler(CacheHandler):
     """A Cache handler that stores the token info in Memcache using the pymemcache client
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, memcache, key: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, memcache, key: str | None = None):
         """
         Parameters:
             * memcache: memcache client object provided by pymemcache

spotipy/client.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import logging
 import re
 import warnings
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Dict, List, TypedDict, Union
 
 import requests
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class Spotify:
         retries: int = max_retries,
         status_retries: int = max_retries,
         backoff_factor: float = 0.3,
-        language: Optional[str] = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Creates a Spotify API client.
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class Spotify:
         else:
             return None
 
-    def track(self, track_id: str, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def track(self, track_id: str, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a single track given the track's ID, URI or URL
 
             Parameters:
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class Spotify:
         trid = self._get_id("track", track_id)
         return self._get("tracks/" + trid, market=market)
 
-    def tracks(self, tracks: StrListOrTuple, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def tracks(self, tracks: StrListOrTuple, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a list of tracks given a list of track IDs, URIs, or URLs
 
             Parameters:
@@ -405,9 +405,9 @@ class Spotify:
     def artist_albums(
         self,
         artist_id: str,
-        album_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        album_type: str | None = None,
-        include_groups: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_groups: str | None = None,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 20,
         offset: int = 0,
     ):
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ class Spotify:
         trid = self._get_id("artist", artist_id)
         return self._get("artists/" + trid + "/related-artists")
 
-    def album(self, album_id: str, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def album(self, album_id: str, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a single album given the album's ID, URIs or URL
 
             Parameters:
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ class Spotify:
         album_id: str,
         limit: int = 50,
         offset: int = 0,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Get Spotify catalog information about an album's tracks
 
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ class Spotify:
             "albums/" + trid + "/tracks/", limit=limit, offset=offset, market=market
         )
 
-    def albums(self, albums: StrListOrTuple, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def albums(self, albums: StrListOrTuple, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a list of albums given the album IDs, URIs, or URLs
 
             Parameters:
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ class Spotify:
         else:
             return self._get("albums/?ids=" + ",".join(tlist))
 
-    def show(self, show_id: str, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def show(self, show_id: str, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a single show given the show's ID, URIs or URL
 
             Parameters:
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ class Spotify:
         trid = self._get_id("show", show_id)
         return self._get("shows/" + trid, market=market)
 
-    def shows(self, shows: StrListOrTuple, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def shows(self, shows: StrListOrTuple, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a list of shows given the show IDs, URIs, or URLs
 
             Parameters:
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ class Spotify:
         show_id: str,
         limit: int = 50,
         offset: int = 0,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Get Spotify catalog information about a show's episodes
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class Spotify:
             "shows/" + trid + "/episodes/", limit=limit, offset=offset, market=market
         )
 
-    def episode(self, episode_id: str, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def episode(self, episode_id: str, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a single episode given the episode's ID, URIs or URL
 
             Parameters:
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ class Spotify:
         trid = self._get_id("episode", episode_id)
         return self._get("episodes/" + trid, market=market)
 
-    def episodes(self, episodes: StrListOrTuple, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def episodes(self, episodes: StrListOrTuple, market: str | None = None):
         """ returns a list of episodes given the episode IDs, URIs, or URLs
 
             Parameters:
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ class Spotify:
         limit: int = 10,
         offset: int = 0,
         type: str = "track",
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ searches for an item
 
@@ -643,8 +643,8 @@ class Spotify:
         limit: int = 10,
         offset: int = 0,
         type: str = "track",
-        markets: Optional[StrListOrTuple] = None,
+        markets: StrListOrTuple | None = None,
-        total: Optional[int] = None,
+        total: int | None = None,
     ):
         """ (experimental) Searches multiple markets for an item
 
@@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ class Spotify:
     def playlist(
         self,
         playlist_id: str,
-        fields: Optional[str] = None,
+        fields: str | None = None,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
         additional_types: StrListOrTuple = ("track",),
     ):
         """ Gets playlist by id.
@@ -721,10 +721,10 @@ class Spotify:
     def playlist_tracks(
         self,
         playlist_id: str,
-        fields: Optional[str] = None,
+        fields: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 100,
         offset: int = 0,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
         additional_types: StrListOrTuple = ("track",)
     ):
         """ Get full details of the tracks of a playlist.
@@ -753,10 +753,10 @@ class Spotify:
     def playlist_items(
         self,
         playlist_id: str,
-        fields: Optional[str] = None,
+        fields: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 100,
         offset: int = 0,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
         additional_types: StrListOrTuple = ("track", "episode")
     ):
         """ Get full details of the tracks and episodes of a playlist.
@@ -807,9 +807,9 @@ class Spotify:
     def user_playlist(
         self,
         user: str,
-        playlist_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        playlist_id: str | None = None,
-        fields: Optional[str] = None,
+        fields: str | None = None,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Gets a single playlist of a user
 
@@ -833,12 +833,12 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def user_playlist_tracks(
         self,
-        user: Optional[str] = None,
+        user: str | None = None,
-        playlist_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        playlist_id: str | None = None,
-        fields: Optional[str] = None,
+        fields: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 100,
         offset: int = 0,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Get full details of the tracks of a playlist owned by a user.
 
@@ -908,10 +908,10 @@ class Spotify:
         self,
         user: str,
         playlist_id: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
-        public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        public: bool | None = None,
-        collaborative: Optional[bool] = None,
+        collaborative: bool | None = None,
-        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ class Spotify:
         user: str,
         playlist_id: str,
         tracks: StrListOrTuple,
-        position: Optional[int] = None,
+        position: int | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ class Spotify:
         user: str,
         playlist_id: str,
         episodes: StrListOrTuple,
-        position: Optional[int] = None,
+        position: int | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ class Spotify:
         range_start: int,
         insert_before: int,
         range_length: int = 1,
-        snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        snapshot_id: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ class Spotify:
         user: str,
         playlist_id: str,
         tracks: StrListOrTuple,
-        snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        snapshot_id: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ class Spotify:
         user: str,
         playlist_id: str,
         tracks: List[TrackOccurances],
-        snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        snapshot_id: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ This function is no longer in use, please use the recommended function in the warning!
 
@@ -1191,10 +1191,10 @@ class Spotify:
     def playlist_change_details(
         self,
         playlist_id: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
-        public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        public: bool | None = None,
-        collaborative: Optional[bool] = None,
+        collaborative: bool | None = None,
-        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Changes a playlist's name and/or public/private state,
             collaborative state, and/or description
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def playlist_add_items(
-        self, playlist_id: str, items: StrListOrTuple, position: Optional[int] = None
+        self, playlist_id: str, items: StrListOrTuple, position: int | None = None
     ):
         """ Adds tracks/episodes to a playlist
 
@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ class Spotify:
         range_start: int,
         insert_before: int,
         range_length: int = 1,
-        snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        snapshot_id: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Reorder tracks in a playlist
 
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def playlist_remove_all_occurrences_of_items(
-        self, playlist_id: str, items: StrListOrTuple, snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self, playlist_id: str, items: StrListOrTuple, snapshot_id: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Removes all occurrences of the given tracks/episodes from the given playlist
 
@@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ class Spotify:
         self,
         playlist_id: str,
         items: List[TrackOccurances],
-        snapshot_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        snapshot_id: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Removes all occurrences of the given tracks from the given playlist
 
@@ -1391,7 +1391,7 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def current_user_playing_track(
         self,
-        market: Optional[str] = None,
+        market: str | None = None,
         additional_types: StrListOrTuple = ("track",)
     ):
         """ Get information about the current users currently playing track.
@@ -1409,7 +1409,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def current_user_saved_albums(
-        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: Optional[str] = None
+        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Gets a list of the albums saved in the current authorized user's
             "Your Music" library
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/albums/contains?ids=" + ",".join(alist))
 
     def current_user_saved_tracks(
-        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: Optional[str] = None
+        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Gets a list of the tracks saved in the current authorized user's
             "Your Music" library
@@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/tracks/contains?ids=" + ",".join(tlist))
 
     def current_user_saved_episodes(
-        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: Optional[str] = None
+        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Gets a list of the episodes saved in the current authorized user's
             "Your Music" library
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/episodes/contains?ids=" + ",".join(elist))
 
     def current_user_saved_shows(
-        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: Optional[str] = None
+        self, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0, market: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Gets a list of the shows saved in the current authorized user's
             "Your Music" library
@@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/shows/contains?ids=" + ",".join(slist))
 
     def current_user_followed_artists(
-        self, limit: int = 20, after: Optional[str] = None
+        self, limit: int = 20, after: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Gets a list of the artists followed by the current authorized user
 
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def current_user_recently_played(
-        self, limit: int = 50, after: Optional[int] = None, before: Optional[int] = None
+        self, limit: int = 50, after: int | None = None, before: int | None = None
     ):
         """ Get the current user's recently played tracks
 
@@ -1705,9 +1705,9 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def featured_playlists(
         self,
-        locale: Optional[str] = None,
+        locale: str | None = None,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
-        timestamp: Optional[str] = None,
+        timestamp: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 20,
         offset: int = 0,
     ):
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def new_releases(
-        self, country: Optional[str] = None, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0
+        self, country: str | None = None, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0
     ):
         """ Get a list of new album releases featured in Spotify
 
@@ -1771,8 +1771,8 @@ class Spotify:
     def category(
         self,
         category_id: str,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
-        locale: Optional[str] = None,
+        locale: str | None = None,
     ):
         """ Get info about a category
 
@@ -1792,8 +1792,8 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def categories(
         self,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
-        locale: Optional[str] = None,
+        locale: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 20,
         offset: int = 0,
     ):
@@ -1822,8 +1822,8 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def category_playlists(
         self,
-        category_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        category_id: str | None = None,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
         limit: int = 20,
         offset: int = 0,
     ):
@@ -1858,11 +1858,11 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def recommendations(
         self,
-        seed_artists: Optional[StrListOrTuple] = None,
+        seed_artists: StrListOrTuple | None = None,
-        seed_genres: Optional[StrListOrTuple] = None,
+        seed_genres: StrListOrTuple | None = None,
-        seed_tracks: Optional[StrListOrTuple] = None,
+        seed_tracks: StrListOrTuple | None = None,
         limit: int = 20,
-        country: Optional[str] = None,
+        country: str | None = None,
         **kwargs
     ):
         """ Get a list of recommended tracks for one to five seeds.
@@ -1995,7 +1995,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/player/devices")
 
     def current_playback(
-        self, market: Optional[str] = None, additional_types: Optional[str] = None
+        self, market: str = None, additional_types: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Get information about user's current playback.
 
@@ -2006,7 +2006,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get("me/player", market=market, additional_types=additional_types)
 
     def currently_playing(
-        self, market: Optional[str] = None, additional_types: Optional[str] = None
+        self, market: str | None = None, additional_types: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Get user's currently playing track.
 
@@ -2037,11 +2037,11 @@ class Spotify:
 
     def start_playback(
         self,
-        device_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        device_id: str | None = None,
-        context_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        context_uri: str | None = None,
-        uris: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        uris: List[str] | None = None,
-        offset: Optional[PlaybackOffset] = None,
+        offset: PlaybackOffset | None = None,
-        position_ms: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None,
+        position_ms: Union[int, float] | None = None,
     ):
         """ Start or resume user's playback.
 
@@ -2083,7 +2083,7 @@ class Spotify:
             self._append_device_id("me/player/play", device_id), payload=data
         )
 
-    def pause_playback(self, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def pause_playback(self, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Pause user's playback.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2091,7 +2091,7 @@ class Spotify:
         """
         return self._put(self._append_device_id("me/player/pause", device_id))
 
-    def next_track(self, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def next_track(self, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Skip user's playback to next track.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2099,7 +2099,7 @@ class Spotify:
         """
         return self._post(self._append_device_id("me/player/next", device_id))
 
-    def previous_track(self, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def previous_track(self, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Skip user's playback to previous track.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2110,7 +2110,7 @@ class Spotify:
         )
 
     def seek_track(
-        self, position_ms: Union[int, float], device_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self, position_ms: Union[int, float], device_id: str | None = None
     ):
         """ Seek to position in current track.
 
@@ -2127,7 +2127,7 @@ class Spotify:
             )
         )
 
-    def repeat(self, state: str, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def repeat(self, state: str, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Set repeat mode for playback.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2143,7 +2143,7 @@ class Spotify:
             )
         )
 
-    def volume(self, volume_percent: int, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def volume(self, volume_percent: int, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Set playback volume.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ class Spotify:
             )
         )
 
-    def shuffle(self, state: bool, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def shuffle(self, state: bool, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Toggle playback shuffling.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2184,7 +2184,7 @@ class Spotify:
         """ Gets the current user's queue """
         return self._get("me/player/queue")
 
-    def add_to_queue(self, uri: str, device_id: Optional[str] = None):
+    def add_to_queue(self, uri: str, device_id: str | None = None):
         """ Adds a song to the end of a user's queue
 
             If device A is currently playing music, and you try to add to the queue
@@ -2215,7 +2215,7 @@ class Spotify:
         """
         return self._get("markets")
 
-    def _append_device_id(self, path: str, device_id: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    def _append_device_id(self, path: str, device_id: str | None) -> str:
         """ Append device ID to API path.
 
             Parameters:
@@ -2271,7 +2271,7 @@ class Spotify:
         offset: int,
         type: str,
         markets: StrListOrTuple,
-        total: Optional[int],
+        total: int | None,
     ):
         if total and limit > total:
             limit = total
@@ -2306,7 +2306,7 @@ class Spotify:
 
         return results
 
-    def get_audiobook(self, id: str, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def get_audiobook(self, id: str, market: str | None = None):
         """ Get Spotify catalog information for a single audiobook identified by its unique
         Spotify ID.
 
@@ -2322,7 +2322,7 @@ class Spotify:
 
         return self._get(endpoint)
 
-    def get_audiobooks(self, ids: StrListOrTuple, market: Optional[str] = None):
+    def get_audiobooks(self, ids: StrListOrTuple, market: str | None = None):
         """ Get Spotify catalog information for multiple audiobooks based on their Spotify IDs.
 
         Parameters:
@@ -2338,7 +2338,7 @@ class Spotify:
         return self._get(endpoint)
 
     def get_audiobook_chapters(
-        self, id: str, market: Optional[str] = None, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0
+        self, id: str, market: str | None = None, limit: int = 20, offset: int = 0
     ):
         """ Get Spotify catalog information about an audiobook’s chapters.
 

spotipy/oauth2.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import urllib.parse as urllibparse
 import warnings
 import webbrowser
 from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Union
 from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlparse
 
 import requests
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _make_authorization_headers(client_id: str, client_secret: str):
     return {"Authorization": f"Basic {auth_header.decode('ascii')}"}
 
 
-def _ensure_value(value: Optional[str], env_key: str) -> str:
+def _ensure_value(value: str | None, env_key: str) -> str:
     env_val = CLIENT_CREDS_ENV_VARS[env_key]
     _val = value or os.getenv(env_val)
     if _val is None:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def _ensure_value(value: Optional[str], env_key: str) -> str:
 
 
 class SpotifyAuthBase:
-    def __init__(self, requests_session: Optional[Union[requests.Session, bool]] = None):
+    def __init__(self, requests_session: Union[requests.Session, bool] | None = None):
         if isinstance(requests_session, requests.Session):
             self._session = requests_session
         else:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class SpotifyAuthBase:
                 from requests import api
                 self._session = api
 
-    def _normalize_scope(self, scope: Optional[ScopeArgType]):
+    def _normalize_scope(self, scope: ScopeArgType | None):
         return normalize_scope(scope)
 
     @property
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class SpotifyAuthBase:
         return self._client_id
 
     @client_id.setter
-    def client_id(self, val: Optional[str]):
+    def client_id(self, val: str | None):
         self._client_id = _ensure_value(val, "client_id")
 
     @property
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class SpotifyAuthBase:
         return self._client_secret
 
     @client_secret.setter
-    def client_secret(self, val: Optional[str]):
+    def client_secret(self, val: str | None):
         self._client_secret = _ensure_value(val, "client_secret")
 
     @property
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SpotifyAuthBase:
         return self._redirect_uri
 
     @redirect_uri.setter
-    def redirect_uri(self, val: Optional[str]):
+    def redirect_uri(self, val: str | None):
         self._redirect_uri = _ensure_value(val, "redirect_uri")
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class SpotifyAuthBase:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _is_scope_subset(
-        needle_scope: Optional[str], haystack_scope: Optional[str]
+        needle_scope: str | None, haystack_scope: str | None
     ) -> bool:
         needle_scope = set(needle_scope.split()) if needle_scope else set()
         haystack_scope = set(haystack_scope.split()) if haystack_scope else set()
@@ -136,12 +136,12 @@ class SpotifyClientCredentials(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        client_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_id: str | None = None,
-        client_secret: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_secret: str | None = None,
-        proxies: Optional[Any] = None,
+        proxies: Any | None = None,
         requests_session: Union[requests.Session, bool] = True,
-        requests_timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        requests_timeout: int | None = None,
-        cache_handler: Optional[CacheHandler] = None,
+        cache_handler: CacheHandler | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Creates a Client Credentials Flow Manager.
@@ -259,19 +259,19 @@ class SpotifyOAuth(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        client_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_id: str | None = None,
-        client_secret: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_secret: str | None = None,
-        redirect_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        redirect_uri: str | None = None,
-        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        state: Any | None = None,
-        scope: Optional[ScopeArgType] = None,
+        scope: ScopeArgType | None = None,
-        cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        cache_path: str | None = None,
-        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
-        proxies: Optional[Any] = None,
+        proxies: Any | None = None,
         show_dialog: bool = False,
         requests_session: Union[requests.Session, bool] = True,
-        requests_timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        requests_timeout: int | None = None,
         open_browser: bool = True,
-        cache_handler: Optional[CacheHandler] = None,
+        cache_handler: CacheHandler | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Creates a SpotifyOAuth object
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class SpotifyOAuth(SpotifyAuthBase):
         self.show_dialog = show_dialog
         self.open_browser = open_browser
 
-    def validate_token(self, token_info: Optional[Dict]):
+    def validate_token(self, token_info: Dict | None):
         if token_info is None:
             return None
 
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class SpotifyOAuth(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
         return token_info
 
-    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Optional[Any] = None) -> str:
+    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Any | None = None) -> str:
         """ Gets the URL to use to authorize this app
         """
         payload = {
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ class SpotifyOAuth(SpotifyAuthBase):
         else:
             raise SpotifyOauthError("Server listening on localhost has not been accessed")
 
-    def get_auth_response(self, open_browser: Optional[bool] = None):
+    def get_auth_response(self, open_browser: bool | None = None):
         logger.info('User authentication requires interaction with your '
                     'web browser. Once you enter your credentials and '
                     'give authorization, you will be redirected to '
@@ -480,13 +480,13 @@ class SpotifyOAuth(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
         return self._get_auth_response_interactive(open_browser=open_browser)
 
-    def get_authorization_code(self, response: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def get_authorization_code(self, response: Any | None = None):
         if response:
             return self.parse_response_code(response)
         return self.get_auth_response()
 
     def get_access_token(
-        self, code: Optional[str] = None, as_dict: bool = True, check_cache: bool = True
+        self, code: str | None = None, as_dict: bool = True, check_cache: bool = True
     ):
         """ Gets the access token for the app given the code
 
@@ -627,17 +627,17 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        client_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_id: str | None = None,
-        redirect_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        redirect_uri: str | None = None,
-        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        state: Any | None = None,
-        scope: Optional[ScopeArgType] = None,
+        scope: ScopeArgType | None = None,
-        cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        cache_path: str | None = None,
-        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
-        proxies: Optional[Any] = None,
+        proxies: Any | None = None,
-        requests_timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        requests_timeout: int | None = None,
         requests_session: Union[requests.Session, bool] = True,
         open_browser: bool = True,
-        cache_handler: Optional[CacheHandler] = None,
+        cache_handler: CacheHandler | None = None,
     ):
         """
         Creates Auth Manager with the PKCE Auth flow.
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
         code_challenge = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(code_challenge_digest).decode('utf-8')
         return code_challenge.replace('=', '')
 
-    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Optional[Any] = None) -> str:
+    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Any | None = None) -> str:
         """ Gets the URL to use to authorize this app """
         if not self.code_challenge:
             self.get_pkce_handshake_parameters()
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
         urlparams = urllibparse.urlencode(payload)
         return f"{self.OAUTH_AUTHORIZE_URL}?{urlparams}"
 
-    def _open_auth_url(self, state: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def _open_auth_url(self, state: Any | None = None):
         auth_url = self.get_authorize_url(state)
         try:
             webbrowser.open(auth_url)
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
         except webbrowser.Error:
             logger.error(f"Please navigate here: {auth_url}")
 
-    def _get_auth_response(self, open_browser: Optional[bool] = None):
+    def _get_auth_response(self, open_browser: bool | None = None):
         logger.info('User authentication requires interaction with your '
                     'web browser. Once you enter your credentials and '
                     'give authorization, you will be redirected to '
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
             raise SpotifyStateError(self.state, state)
         return code
 
-    def get_authorization_code(self, response: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def get_authorization_code(self, response: Any | None = None):
         if response:
             return self.parse_response_code(response)
         return self._get_auth_response()
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ class SpotifyPKCE(SpotifyAuthBase):
         self.code_verifier = self._get_code_verifier()
         self.code_challenge = self._get_code_challenge()
 
-    def get_access_token(self, code: Optional[Any] = None, check_cache: bool = True):
+    def get_access_token(self, code: Any | None = None, check_cache: bool = True):
         """ Gets the access token for the app
 
             If the code is not given and no cached token is used, an
@@ -1018,14 +1018,14 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        client_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_id: str | None = None,
-        redirect_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+        redirect_uri: str | None = None,
-        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        state: Any | None = None,
-        scope: Optional[ScopeArgType] = None,
+        scope: ScopeArgType | None = None,
-        cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        cache_path: str | None = None,
-        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
         show_dialog: bool = False,
-        cache_handler: Optional[CacheHandler] = None,
+        cache_handler: CacheHandler | None = None,
     ):
         """ Creates Auth Manager using the Implicit Grant flow
 
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
         self.show_dialog = show_dialog
         self._session = None  # As to not break inherited __del__
 
-    def validate_token(self, token_info: Optional[Dict]):
+    def validate_token(self, token_info: Dict | None):
         if token_info is None:
             return None
 
@@ -1104,8 +1104,8 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
     def get_access_token(
         self,
-        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        state: Any | None = None,
-        response: Optional[Any] = None,
+        response: Any | None = None,
         check_cache: bool = True,
     ):
         """ Gets Auth Token from cache (preferred) or user interaction
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
         return token_info["access_token"]
 
-    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Optional[Any] = None) -> str:
+    def get_authorize_url(self, state: Any | None = None) -> str:
         """ Gets the URL to use to authorize this app """
         payload = {
             "client_id": self.client_id,
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
 
         return f"{self.OAUTH_AUTHORIZE_URL}?{urlparams}"
 
-    def parse_response_token(self, url, state: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def parse_response_token(self, url, state: Any | None = None):
         """ Parse the response code in the given response url """
         remote_state, token, t_type, exp_in = self.parse_auth_response_url(url)
         if state is None:
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
         return tuple(form.get(param) for param in ["state", "access_token",
                                                    "token_type", "expires_in"])
 
-    def _open_auth_url(self, state: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def _open_auth_url(self, state: Any | None = None):
         auth_url = self.get_authorize_url(state)
         try:
             webbrowser.open(auth_url)
@@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ class SpotifyImplicitGrant(SpotifyAuthBase):
         except webbrowser.Error:
             logger.error(f"Please navigate here: {auth_url}")
 
-    def get_auth_response(self, state: Optional[Any] = None):
+    def get_auth_response(self, state: Any | None = None):
         """ Gets a new auth **token** with user interaction """
         logger.info('User authentication requires interaction with your '
                     'web browser. Once you enter your credentials and '

spotipy/util.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import warnings
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
 
 import requests
 import urllib3
@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ StrListOrTuple = Union[List[str], Tuple[str, ...]]
 
 
 def prompt_for_user_token(
-    username: Optional[str] = None,
+    username: str | None = None,
-    scope: Optional[str] = None,
+    scope: str | None = None,
-    client_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    client_id: str | None = None,
-    client_secret: Optional[str] = None,
+    client_secret: str | None = None,
-    redirect_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+    redirect_uri: str | None = None,
-    cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    cache_path: str | None = None,
-    oauth_manager: Optional[spotipy.SpotifyOAuth] = None,
+    oauth_manager: spotipy.SpotifyOAuth | None = None,
     show_dialog: bool = False,
-) -> Union[str, None]:
+) -> str | None:
     """ Prompt the user to login if necessary and returns a user token
         suitable for use with the spotipy.Spotify constructor.
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def get_host_port(netloc: str):
 ScopeArgType = Union[str, StrListOrTuple]
 
 
-def normalize_scope(scope: Optional[ScopeArgType]) -> Union[str, None]:
+def normalize_scope(scope: ScopeArgType | None) -> str | None:
     """Normalize the scope to verify that it is a list or tuple. A string
     input will split the string by commas to create a list of scopes.
     A list or tuple input is used directly.
@@ -170,12 +170,12 @@ class Retry(urllib3.Retry):
 
     def increment(
         self,
-        method: Optional[str] = None,
+        method: str | None = None,
-        url: Optional[str] = None,
+        url: str | None = None,
-        response: Optional[urllib3.BaseHTTPResponse] = None,
+        response: urllib3.BaseHTTPResponse | None = None,
-        error: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        error: Exception | None = None,
-        _pool: Optional[urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool] = None,
+        _pool: urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool | None = None,
-        _stacktrace: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
+        _stacktrace: TracebackType | None = None,
     ) -> urllib3.Retry:
         if response:
             retry_header = response.headers.get("Retry-After")